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A ( Diceros bicornis) at the. Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Superfamily: Family: Rhinocerotidae, 1820 Extinct genera, see text Rhinoceros range A rhinoceros (, from rhinokerōs, meaning 'nose-horned', from rhis, meaning 'nose', and keras, meaning 'horn'), commonly abbreviated to rhino, is one of any five species of in the Rhinocerotidae, as well as any of the numerous extinct species. Two of the extant species are native to and three to. The term 'rhinoceros' is often more broadly applied to now extinct relatives of the superfamily. Members of the rhinoceros family are some of the largest remaining, with all species able to reach or exceed one in weight. They have a diet, small brains (400–600 g) for mammals of their size, one or two horns, and a thick (1.5–5 cm) protective skin formed from layers of positioned in a structure.
They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment food in their allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter when necessary. Unlike other, the two African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths, relying instead on their lips to pluck food.
Rhinoceros are killed by some humans for, which are bought and sold on the, and used by some cultures for ornaments. East Asia, specifically, is the largest market for rhino horns. By weight, rhino horns cost as much as gold on the black market. People grind up the horns and consume them, believing the dust has therapeutic properties. The horns are made of, the same type of protein that makes up.
Both African species and the have two horns, while the and have a single horn. The identifies the, Javan, and rhinoceros as. Contents. Taxonomy and naming Cladogram following a phylogenetic study. The word rhinoceros is derived through Latin from the: ῥῑνόκερως, which is composed of ( rhino-, ') and ( keras, ') with a horn on the nose. The plural in English is rhinoceros or rhinoceroses. The for a group of rhinoceroses is crash or herd.
The name has been in use since the 14th century. The family Rhinocerotidae consists of only four extant genera: (White rhinoceros), (Black rhinoceros), (Sumatran rhinoceros), and (Indian and Javan rhinoceros). The living species fall into three categories. The two African species, the and the, belong to the tribe Dicerotini, which originated in the middle, about 14.2 million years ago. The species diverged during the early (about 5 million years ago). The main difference between black and white rhinos is the shape of their mouths – white rhinos have broad flat lips for grazing, whereas black rhinos have long pointed lips for eating foliage.
There are two living Rhinocerotini species, the and the, which diverged from one another about 10 million years ago. The is the only surviving representative of the most primitive group, the Dicerorhinini, which emerged in the Miocene (about 20 million years ago). A subspecific hybrid white rhino ( Ceratotherium s.
Cottoni) was bred at the (Zoological Garden Dvur Kralove nad Labem) in the in 1977. Of black and white rhinoceros has also been confirmed.
While the black rhinoceros has 84 (diploid number, 2N, per cell), all other rhinoceros species have 82 chromosomes. However, might lead to varying chromosome counts. For instance, in a study there were three northern white rhinoceroses with 81 chromosomes. Main article: There are two of white rhinoceros: the ( Ceratotherium simum simum) and the ( Ceratotherium simum cottoni). As of 2013, the southern subspecies has a wild population of 20,405 – making them the most abundant rhino subspecies in the world.
However, the northern subspecies is critically endangered, with all that is known to remain being two captive females. There is no conclusive explanation of the name 'white rhinoceros'. A popular idea that 'white' is a distortion of either the word wyd or the wijd (or its other possible spellings whyde, weit, etc.,), meaning 'wide' and referring to the rhino's square lips, is not supported by linguistic studies. The white rhino has an immense body and large head, a short neck and broad chest. Females weigh 1,600 kg (4,000 lb) and males 2,400 kg (5,000 lb). The head-and-body length is 3.5–4.6 m (11–15 ft) and the shoulder height is 1.8–2 m (5.9–6.6 ft).
On its snout it has two. The front horn is larger than the other horn and averages 90 cm (35 in) in length and can reach 150 cm (59 in). The white rhinoceros also has a prominent muscular hump that supports its relatively large head. The colour of this animal can range from yellowish brown to slate grey.
Most of its body hair is found on the ear fringes and tail bristles, with the rest distributed rather sparsely over the rest of the body. White rhinos have the distinctive flat broad mouth that is used for grazing. Black rhinoceros. Main article: The name 'black rhinoceros' ( ) was chosen to distinguish this species from the white rhinoceros ( ). This can be confusing, as the two species are not truly distinguishable by color.
There are four subspecies of black rhino: South-central ( ), the most numerous, which once ranged from central south through, and to northern and eastern; South-western ( ) which are better adapted to the arid and semi-arid savannas of, southern, western and western South Africa; East African ( ), primarily in; and West African ( ) which was declared extinct in November 2011. The native name keitloa describes a South African variation of the black rhino in which the posterior horn is equal to or longer than the anterior horn. An adult black rhinoceros stands 1.50–1.75 m (59–69 in) high at the shoulder and is 3.5–3.9 m (11–13 ft) in length.
An adult weighs from 850 to 1,600 kg (1,870 to 3,530 lb), exceptionally to 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), with the females being smaller than the males. Two on the skull are made of with the larger front horn typically 50 cm long, exceptionally up to 140 cm. Sometimes, a third smaller horn may develop. The black rhino is much smaller than the, and has a pointed mouth, which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding. During the latter half of the 20th century, their numbers were severely reduced from an estimated 70,000 in the late 1960s to a record low of 2,410 in 1995.
Since then, numbers have been steadily increasing at a continental level with numbers doubling to 4,880 by the end of 2010. Current numbers are however still 90% lower than three generations ago. Indian rhinoceros.
Main article: The, or greater one-horned rhinoceros, ( Rhinoceros unicornis) has a single 20 to 60 cm long. It is nearly as large as the African white rhino. Its thick, silver-brown skin folds into the shoulder, back, and rump, giving it an armored appearance.
Its upper legs and shoulders are covered in -like bumps, and it has very little body hair. Grown males are larger than females in the wild, weighing from 2,500–3,200 kg (5,500–7,100 lb). Shoulder height is 1.75–2.0 m (5.7–6.6 ft). Females weigh about 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) and are 3–4 m (9.8–13 ft) long. The record-sized specimen was approximately 4,000 kg (8,800 lb). Indian rhinos once inhabited many areas ranging from to and maybe even parts of.
However, because of human influence, they now exist in only several protected areas of (in, and a few pairs in ) and, plus a pair in in Pakistan reintroduced there from Nepal. They are confined to the tall and in the foothills of the. Two-thirds of the world's Indian rhinoceroses are now confined to the situated in the of, India. Javan rhinoceros. Main article: The Javan rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros sondaicus) is one of the most endangered large in the world. According to 2015 estimates, only about 60 remain, in Java, Indonesia, all in the wild. It is also the least known rhino species.
Like the closely related, and larger, the Javan rhino has a single horn. Its hairless, hazy gray skin falls into folds into the shoulder, back, and rump, giving it an armored appearance.
Its length reaches 3.1–3.2 m (10–10 ft) including the head, and its height 1.5–1.7 m (4 ft 11 in–5 ft 7 in). Adults are variously reported to weigh 900–1,400 kg or 1,360–2,000 kg. Male horns can reach 26 cm in length, while in females they are knobs or altogether absent. These animals prefer dense lowland rain forest, tall grass and reed beds that are plentiful with large floodplains and mud wallows.
Though once widespread throughout Asia, by the 1930s they were nearly hunted to extinction in, and for the supposed medical powers of their horns and blood. As of 2015, only 58–61 individuals remain in, Java, Indonesia. The last known Javan rhino in Vietnam was reportedly killed for its horn in 2011 by Vietnamese poachers. Now only Java contains the last Javan rhinos. Sumatran rhinoceros. Main article: The Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is the smallest extant rhinoceros species, as well as the one with the most.
It can be found at very high in. Due to habitat loss and, their numbers have declined and it has become the most threatened rhinoceros. About 275 Sumatran rhinos are believed to remain. There are three subspecies of Sumatran rhinoceros: the proper ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis), the ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni) and the possibly ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis). A mature rhino typically stands about 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) high at the shoulder, has a length of 2.4–3.2 m (7 ft 10 in–10 ft 6 in) and weighs around 700 kg (1,500 lb), though the largest individuals have been known to weigh as much as 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb). Like the species, it has two horns; the larger is the front (25–79 centimetres (9.8–31.1 in)), with the smaller usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long. Males have much larger horns than the females.
Hair can range from dense (the densest hair in young calves) to sparse. The color of these rhinos is reddish brown. The body is short and has stubby legs. Sumatran rhinoceros are on the verge of extinction due to loss of habitat and illegal hunting. Once they were spread across South-east Asia, but now they are confined to several parts of Indonesia and Malaysia due to reproductive isolation.
There were 320 D. Sumatrensis in 1995, which by 2011 have dwindled to 216. It has been found through DNA comparison that the Sumatran rhinoceros is the most ancient extant rhinoceros and related to the extinct woolly rhino species,. In 1994 publicly denounced governments, NGOs, and other institutions for lacking in their attempts to conserve the Sumatran rhinoceros. To conserve it, they would have to relocate them from small forests to breeding programs that could monitor their breeding success. To boost reproduction, the Malaysian and Indonesian governments could also agree to exchange the gametes of the Sumatran and (smaller) Bornean subspecies.
The Indonesian and Malaysian governments have also proposed a single management unit for these two ancient subspecies. Plantations for palm oil have taken out the living areas and led to the eradication of the rhino in Sumatra. Main article: The Amynodontidae, also known as 'aquatic rhinos', dispersed across and, from the late to early. The amynodontids were -like in their ecology and appearance, inhabiting rivers and lakes, and sharing many of the same adaptations to aquatic life as hippos. Rhinocerotidae The family of all modern rhinoceros, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia. The earliest members of Rhinocerotidae were small and numerous; at least 26 genera lived in Eurasia and North America until a wave of extinctions in the middle Oligocene wiped out most of the smaller species. However, several independent lineages survived., a pig-sized rhinoceros, had two horns side-by-side.
The North American had short legs, a barrel chest and lived until about 5 million years ago. The last rhinos in the Americas became extinct during the. Modern rhinos are thought to have begun dispersal from during the. Two species survived the most recent period of glaciation and inhabited as recently as 10,000 years ago: the. The woolly rhinoceros appeared in around 1 million years ago and first arrived in Europe around 600,000 years ago. It reappeared 200,000 years ago, alongside the, and became numerous. Elasmotherium was two meters tall, five meters long and weighed around five tons, with a single enormous horn, hypsodont teeth and long legs for running.
Both the Coelodonta and Elasmotherium survived through the when climate fluctuations, increased predation by newer predators such as and human hunting led to their extinction. There may have been a remnant population of Elasmotherium, however, in the south of Western (the area that is today ) as recently as 29,000 years ago. Of the extant rhinoceros species, the Sumatran rhino is the most archaic, first emerging more than 15 million years ago. The Sumatran rhino was closely related to the woolly rhinoceros, but not to the other modern species. The Indian and Javan rhinos are closely related and form a more recent lineage of Asian rhino. The ancestors of early Indian and Javan rhino diverged 2–4 million years ago. The origin of the two living African rhinos can be traced to the late ( mya) species Ceratotherium neumayri.
The lineages containing the living species diverged by the early ( mya), when Diceros praecox, the likely ancestor of the black rhinoceros, appears in the fossil record. The black and white rhinoceros remain so closely related that they can still mate and successfully produce offspring. Memorial to rhinos killed by poachers near, South Africa Adult rhinoceros have no real predators in the wild, other than humans. Young rhinos can however fall prey to,. Although rhinos are large and have a reputation for being tough, they are very easily poached; they visit water holes daily and can be easily killed while they drink. As of December 2009, poaching increased globally while efforts to protect the rhino are considered increasingly ineffective. The most serious estimate, that only 3% of poachers are successfully countered, is reported of, while has largely avoided the crisis.
Poachers have become more sophisticated. South African officials have called for urgent action against poaching after poachers killed the last female rhino in the near. Statistics from show that 333 rhinoceros were killed in South Africa in 2010, increasing to 668 by 2012, over 1,004 in 2013. And over 1,338 killed in 2015.
In some cases rhinos are drugged and their horns removed, while in other instances more than the horn is taken. The government has supported the practice of rhino trophy hunting as a way to raise money for conservation.
Hunting licenses for five Namibian Black rhinos are auctioned annually, with the money going to the government's Game Products Trust Fund. Some conservationists and members of the public however oppose or question this practice.
Horn trade and use.